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<section id="module-hmac">
<span id="hmac-keyed-hashing-for-message-authentication"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication<a class="headerlink" href="#module-hmac" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.12/Lib/hmac.py">Lib/hmac.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>This module implements the HMAC algorithm as described by <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2104.html"><strong>RFC 2104</strong></a>.</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.new">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">hmac.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">new</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">msg=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">digestmod</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.new" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new hmac object. <em>key</em> is a bytes or bytearray object giving the
secret key. If <em>msg</em> is present, the method call <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update(msg)</span></code> is made.
<em>digestmod</em> is the digest name, digest constructor or module for the HMAC
object to use. It may be any name suitable to <a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html#hashlib.new" title="hashlib.new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib.new()</span></code></a>.
Despite its argument position, it is required.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Parameter <em>key</em> can be a bytes or bytearray object.
Parameter <em>msg</em> can be of any type supported by <a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html#module-hashlib" title="hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code></a>.
Parameter <em>digestmod</em> can be the name of a hash algorithm.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>The <em>digestmod</em> argument is now required. Pass it as a keyword
argument to avoid awkwardness when you do not have an initial <em>msg</em>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.digest">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">hmac.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">digest</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">msg</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">digest</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.digest" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return digest of <em>msg</em> for given secret <em>key</em> and <em>digest</em>. The
function is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HMAC(key,</span> <span class="pre">msg,</span> <span class="pre">digest).digest()</span></code>, but
uses an optimized C or inline implementation, which is faster for messages
that fit into memory. The parameters <em>key</em>, <em>msg</em>, and <em>digest</em> have
the same meaning as in <a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.new" title="hmac.new"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>CPython implementation detail, the optimized C implementation is only used
when <em>digest</em> is a string and name of a digest algorithm, which is
supported by OpenSSL.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.7.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>An HMAC object has the following methods:</p>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.update">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">update</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">msg</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.update" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Update the hmac object with <em>msg</em>. Repeated calls are equivalent to a
single call with the concatenation of all the arguments:
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m.update(a);</span> <span class="pre">m.update(b)</span></code> is equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m.update(a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Parameter <em>msg</em> can be of any type supported by <a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html#module-hashlib" title="hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.digest">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">digest</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.digest" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the digest of the bytes passed to the <a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.HMAC.update" title="hmac.HMAC.update"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a> method so far.
This bytes object will be the same length as the <em>digest_size</em> of the digest
given to the constructor. It may contain non-ASCII bytes, including NUL
bytes.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>When comparing the output of <a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.digest" title="hmac.digest"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">digest()</span></code></a> to an externally supplied
digest during a verification routine, it is recommended to use the
<a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.compare_digest" title="hmac.compare_digest"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compare_digest()</span></code></a> function instead of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> operator
to reduce the vulnerability to timing attacks.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.hexdigest">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hexdigest</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.hexdigest" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.digest" title="hmac.digest"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">digest()</span></code></a> except the digest is returned as a string twice the
length containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the
value safely in email or other non-binary environments.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>When comparing the output of <a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.HMAC.hexdigest" title="hmac.HMAC.hexdigest"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hexdigest()</span></code></a> to an externally supplied
digest during a verification routine, it is recommended to use the
<a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.compare_digest" title="hmac.compare_digest"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compare_digest()</span></code></a> function instead of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code> operator
to reduce the vulnerability to timing attacks.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.copy">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">copy</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.copy" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a copy (“clone”) of the hmac object. This can be used to efficiently
compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>A hash object has the following attributes:</p>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.digest_size">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">digest_size</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.digest_size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The size of the resulting HMAC digest in bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.block_size">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">block_size</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.block_size" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.HMAC.name">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">HMAC.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">name</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.HMAC.name" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The canonical name of this HMAC, always lowercase, e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac-md5</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>Removed the undocumented attributes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HMAC.digest_cons</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HMAC.inner</span></code>,
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HMAC.outer</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<p>This module also provides the following helper function:</p>
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="hmac.compare_digest">
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">hmac.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">compare_digest</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">a</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">b</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#hmac.compare_digest" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code>. This function uses an approach designed to prevent
timing analysis by avoiding content-based short circuiting behaviour,
making it appropriate for cryptography. <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> must both be of the
same type: either <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code></a> (ASCII only, as e.g. returned by
<a class="reference internal" href="#hmac.HMAC.hexdigest" title="hmac.HMAC.hexdigest"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HMAC.hexdigest()</span></code></a>), or a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytes-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">bytes-like object</span></a>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> are of different lengths, or if an error occurs,
a timing attack could theoretically reveal information about the
types and lengths of <em>a</em> and <em>b</em>—but not their values.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The function uses OpenSSL’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CRYPTO_memcmp()</span></code> internally when
available.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html#module-hashlib" title="hashlib: Secure hash and message digest algorithms."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>The Python module providing secure hash functions.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
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